Can You Learn To Read Chinese Without Speaking It? Absolutely! This comprehensive guide from LEARNS.EDU.VN explores effective strategies for mastering Chinese reading comprehension. Develop your reading skills and unlock a world of Chinese literature and culture, even without fluency in spoken Mandarin, and learn crucial reading skills, vocabulary acquisition methods and character recognition techniques.
1. Understanding the Landscape of Chinese Literacy
The Chinese language, particularly Mandarin Chinese, presents a unique challenge to learners: its writing system. Unlike alphabetic languages, Chinese uses characters (汉字, hànzì) that represent words or morphemes. This difference begs the question: Can you learn to read Chinese without speaking it? To answer this, we need to understand the intricacies of Chinese literacy.
1.1. The Dichotomy of Spoken and Written Chinese
Spoken and written Chinese, while related, are distinct skills. The written form relies heavily on visual recognition of characters and understanding their contextual meanings, while the spoken form emphasizes pronunciation and tonal accuracy. While many language learners focus on both speaking and reading simultaneously, it is indeed possible to prioritize and develop reading comprehension independently. This approach involves dedicating specific study time to character recognition, vocabulary building, and reading practice, independent of oral practice.
1.2. Why Focus Solely on Reading?
There are compelling reasons to focus on reading Chinese:
- Access to a vast library of resources: China has a rich literary tradition and a vibrant modern publishing industry. Being able to read unlocks access to novels, newspapers, academic papers, and online content.
- Professional advantages: In many fields, especially those related to business, technology, or research, being able to read Chinese documents can be a valuable asset.
- Personal enrichment: Reading Chinese allows you to engage with Chinese culture on a deeper level, understand different perspectives, and appreciate the nuances of the language.
- Cognitive benefits: Learning any new language enhances cognitive abilities, such as memory, problem-solving, and critical thinking. Focusing on reading can specifically improve visual processing and pattern recognition skills.
1.3. The Challenge of Chinese Characters
The biggest hurdle for aspiring readers of Chinese is the sheer number of characters. While fluency in spoken Chinese requires a smaller vocabulary, reading comprehension demands a much larger active vocabulary of characters and words. The Chinese writing system consists of thousands of characters, though a functional reading ability can be achieved with knowledge of the most frequently used ones. According to research by linguist Victor Mair, a solid understanding of 2,500-3,000 characters allows you to read approximately 98% of general written material.
2. Setting Realistic Goals and Expectations
Before embarking on your journey to read Chinese, it’s crucial to set realistic goals. Learning to read Chinese, even without speaking, takes time, dedication, and the right approach. Don’t expect to become fluent overnight. It’s more efficient to focus on achievable goals that provide measurable results.
2.1. Defining Your Reading Goals
What do you want to be able to read? Are you interested in reading:
- Classic Chinese literature?
- Modern Chinese novels?
- Chinese news articles?
- Technical documents?
- Online content?
Your specific goals will determine the vocabulary, grammar, and style you need to learn. For example, reading classical literature requires knowledge of classical Chinese grammar and vocabulary, which differs significantly from modern Mandarin.
2.2. Time Commitment
How much time can you realistically dedicate to learning each week? Consistency is key. Even short, regular study sessions are more effective than sporadic, long ones. Language learning app Duolingo suggests dedicating at least 30 minutes a day to language study.
2.3. Measuring Progress
How will you track your progress? Set milestones, such as:
- Learning a certain number of new characters per week.
- Reading a short story or article each month.
- Passing a Chinese reading comprehension test.
2.4. Avoiding Overwhelm
Don’t try to learn everything at once. Break down the learning process into manageable chunks. Focus on mastering a small set of characters and words before moving on to the next set. Celebrate your successes along the way to stay motivated.
3. Essential Tools and Resources
Having the right tools and resources can significantly accelerate your learning. These tools can range from digital apps for character writing to online dictionaries to specialized fonts that improve readability.
3.1. Character Dictionaries (字典 Zìdiǎn)
A good character dictionary is essential. Look for one that provides:
- Stroke order diagrams: Essential for learning to write characters correctly.
- Multiple definitions: Characters often have several meanings, depending on the context.
- Example words and phrases: Show how the character is used in context.
- Radical information: Understanding radicals (components of characters) can help you remember characters more easily.
Popular options include:
- Pleco: A comprehensive Chinese dictionary app for iOS and Android.
- Hanping Chinese Dictionary: Another excellent app with similar features.
- MDBG Chinese Dictionary: A free online dictionary.
3.2. Word Dictionaries (詞典 Cídiǎn)
Crucially, recognizing individual characters is only a first step. Most modern Chinese words are composed of two or more characters. Thus, a reliable word dictionary is essential.
- CC-CEDICT: A comprehensive Chinese-English dictionary.
- Baidu Translate: A useful tool for quick translations and example sentences.
- Youdao Dictionary: Another popular online dictionary with audio pronunciations.
3.3. Flashcard Software
Flashcards are a proven method for memorizing characters and vocabulary.
- Anki: A powerful, customizable flashcard program that uses spaced repetition to optimize learning.
- Memrise: A gamified language learning platform with user-created flashcard decks.
3.4. Reading Materials
Start with simple reading materials and gradually increase the difficulty.
- Graded readers: Books specifically designed for language learners with limited vocabulary.
- Children’s books: Often use simpler language and fewer characters.
- Online news articles: Choose articles on topics you’re interested in.
- Chinese learning websites: Many websites offer reading materials with annotations and translations.
LEARNS.EDU.VN offers curated reading lists and resources tailored for learners at different proficiency levels.
3.5. Character Writing Tools
Even if your primary goal is reading, learning to write characters can aid in memorization.
- Practice notebooks: Use a notebook with grids to practice writing characters neatly.
- Online character writing animations: Many websites show the correct stroke order for each character.
- Calligraphy apps: Can make learning to write characters more engaging.
4. Mastering Character Recognition
Character recognition is the foundation of reading Chinese. It’s not about artistic perfection, but rather accuracy in representing the components of each character in the correct order. Here are key strategies to master this crucial skill.
4.1. Understanding Radicals (部首 Bùshǒu)
Radicals are the building blocks of Chinese characters. Each character is composed of one or more radicals. There are 214 radicals in total, and learning them can significantly improve your ability to recognize and remember characters. Radicals often provide clues to the meaning or pronunciation of a character.
For example, the radical 水 (shuǐ, water) appears in characters related to water, such as 河 (hé, river) and 海 (hǎi, sea).
4.2. Mnemonics and Associations
Create mnemonics or associations to help you remember characters. Break down complex characters into simpler components and create a story or image that connects them.
For example, the character 休息 (xiūxi, to rest) is composed of the characters 人 (rén, person) and 木 (mù, tree). You can imagine a person leaning against a tree to rest.
4.3. Spaced Repetition Systems (SRS)
SRS algorithms schedule reviews of characters at increasing intervals. This helps you retain information in your long-term memory. Anki is a popular SRS program that is widely used by language learners.
4.4. Contextual Learning
Don’t just memorize characters in isolation. Learn them in the context of words and sentences. This will help you understand their meaning and usage.
4.5. Handwriting Practice
Writing characters by hand reinforces your memory and improves your recognition skills. Focus on writing characters neatly and accurately.
5. Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies
Once you have a foundation in character recognition, you can start building your vocabulary. The most efficient strategies combine rote memorization with contextual learning.
5.1. Frequency Lists
Focus on learning the most frequently used words first. Frequency lists are available online and in textbooks. These lists rank words according to how often they appear in written Chinese. Research by the Chinese government suggests that knowing the 1,000 most common words allows comprehension of 80% of written materials.
5.2. Word Decomposition
Break down complex words into their component characters. Understanding the meaning of each character can help you understand the meaning of the word as a whole. For example, the word 电脑 (diànnǎo, computer) is composed of the characters 电 (diàn, electricity) and 脑 (nǎo, brain).
5.3. Thematic Vocabulary
Learn vocabulary related to specific topics or themes. This can make it easier to remember words and use them in context.
For example, if you’re interested in reading about food, you can learn vocabulary related to cooking, ingredients, and restaurants.
5.4. Using Flashcards Effectively
When using flashcards, focus on:
- Active recall: Try to recall the meaning of the word before looking at the answer.
- Contextualization: Include example sentences on your flashcards to show how the word is used.
- Pronunciation: Listen to the pronunciation of the word and repeat it aloud.
5.5. Reading Extensively
The best way to build your vocabulary is to read extensively. Choose reading materials that are slightly above your current level and look up any words you don’t know. Over time, you’ll gradually acquire new vocabulary and improve your reading comprehension.
6. Grammar Essentials for Reading Comprehension
While you don’t need to speak Chinese to read it, you do need to understand the basic grammar. Although Chinese grammar is often considered simpler than that of many European languages, some key aspects must be mastered for effective reading comprehension.
6.1. Basic Sentence Structure
Chinese sentence structure typically follows the Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) order, similar to English. However, there are some important differences.
- Topic-comment structure: Chinese sentences often begin with a topic, followed by a comment about the topic.
- Measure words: Chinese nouns typically require a measure word when used with a number.
- Word order: Word order is crucial in Chinese, as it determines the meaning of the sentence.
6.2. Common Grammatical Particles
Grammatical particles are small words that indicate grammatical relationships. Some common particles include:
- 的 (de): Indicates possession or modification.
- 了 (le): Indicates a completed action or a change of state.
- 吗 (ma): Indicates a question.
- 吧 (ba): Indicates a suggestion or a mild command.
6.3. Understanding Sentence Patterns
Familiarize yourself with common sentence patterns, such as:
- 是 (shì) sentences: Used to identify or describe something.
- 有 (yǒu) sentences: Used to indicate possession or existence.
- 比较 (bǐjiào) sentences: Used to compare two things.
6.4. Analyzing Complex Sentences
Learn to break down complex sentences into smaller, more manageable parts. Identify the main clause and any subordinate clauses. Pay attention to conjunctions and relative pronouns, which connect the clauses together.
6.5. Resources for Learning Grammar
Many excellent resources are available for learning Chinese grammar:
- Textbooks: Look for textbooks specifically designed for reading comprehension.
- Online grammar guides: Many websites offer free grammar lessons and exercises.
- Language learning apps: Some apps include grammar explanations and practice activities.
7. Effective Reading Strategies
Reading comprehension is not simply about knowing the meaning of individual words. It’s about understanding the overall meaning of the text.
7.1. Skimming and Scanning
- Skimming: Quickly reading through a text to get a general idea of the content.
- Scanning: Looking for specific information in a text, such as a name or a date.
7.2. Identifying the Main Idea
What is the author trying to say? What is the central theme or argument of the text?
7.3. Understanding Context
Pay attention to the context in which words and sentences are used. The context can provide clues to the meaning of unfamiliar words and phrases.
7.4. Making Inferences
Sometimes, the meaning of a text is not explicitly stated. You need to make inferences based on the information provided.
7.5. Using Dictionaries Strategically
Don’t look up every word you don’t know. Focus on the words that are essential for understanding the main idea. Try to guess the meaning of unfamiliar words from context before looking them up.
7.6. Annotating and Highlighting
Mark up the text as you read. Highlight important information, underline unfamiliar words, and write notes in the margins.
8. Immersing Yourself in the Chinese Language
Immersing yourself in the language is essential for improving your reading comprehension. Even if you’re not speaking Chinese, you can still create an immersive environment.
8.1. Reading Widely
Read as much as possible, on a variety of topics. The more you read, the more familiar you’ll become with Chinese characters, vocabulary, and grammar.
8.2. Listening to Chinese Audio
Listen to Chinese audio while you read. This will help you associate the written characters with their pronunciations.
8.3. Watching Chinese Videos
Watch Chinese movies, TV shows, and documentaries with subtitles. This can help you improve your listening comprehension and learn new vocabulary.
8.4. Surrounding Yourself with Chinese Culture
Attend Chinese cultural events, visit Chinese museums, and learn about Chinese history and traditions. This will give you a deeper understanding of the language and culture.
8.5. Online Communities
Join online communities of Chinese learners. Share your experiences, ask questions, and get support from other learners.
9. Overcoming Common Challenges
Learning to read Chinese without speaking it presents unique challenges. Knowing how to preemptively address these issues improves the learning experience.
9.1. Character Amnesia
Forgetting characters is a common problem for Chinese learners. Use spaced repetition and handwriting practice to reinforce your memory.
9.2. Difficulty with Polysemous Characters
Many Chinese characters have multiple meanings. Pay attention to the context to determine the correct meaning.
9.3. Lack of Motivation
Learning to read Chinese can be a long and challenging process. Set realistic goals, celebrate your successes, and find ways to make learning fun.
9.4. Time Constraints
It can be difficult to find time to study Chinese. Schedule regular study sessions and make the most of your time.
9.5. Limited Resources
Access to quality learning resources can be a challenge. Take advantage of free online resources, such as dictionaries and grammar guides. Visit LEARNS.EDU.VN for a curated list of resources.
10. Advanced Reading Techniques
Once you have a solid foundation in character recognition, vocabulary, and grammar, you can start using advanced reading techniques.
10.1. Reading Classical Chinese
Classical Chinese is a different form of the language than modern Mandarin. It has its own grammar and vocabulary. If you’re interested in reading classical Chinese literature, you’ll need to study classical Chinese separately.
10.2. Analyzing Rhetorical Devices
Chinese writers often use rhetorical devices to enhance their writing. Learn to identify common rhetorical devices, such as metaphors, similes, and allusions.
10.3. Understanding Cultural References
Chinese texts often contain cultural references that may be unfamiliar to non-Chinese readers. Research these references to gain a deeper understanding of the text.
10.4. Reading Between the Lines
Sometimes, the meaning of a text is not explicitly stated. You need to read between the lines and infer the author’s intent.
10.5. Critical Thinking
Evaluate the text critically. What is the author’s point of view? Is the author biased? What evidence does the author provide to support their claims?
11. The Role of Technology in Learning to Read Chinese
Technology has revolutionized language learning, providing learners with an array of tools and resources to enhance their reading comprehension skills.
11.1. Digital Dictionaries and Translation Tools
Digital dictionaries like Pleco and Hanping offer instant access to definitions, example sentences, and audio pronunciations. Translation tools like Google Translate and Baidu Translate can help you understand complex sentences and paragraphs.
11.2. Language Learning Apps
Apps like Duolingo, Memrise, and HelloChinese offer gamified lessons and interactive exercises to help you learn Chinese characters, vocabulary, and grammar.
11.3. Online Reading Platforms
Websites like The Chairman’s Bao and ChinesePod offer graded reading materials with annotations and translations. These platforms allow you to read authentic Chinese content at your own pace and track your progress.
11.4. Character Recognition Software
Character recognition software can help you identify unfamiliar characters. Simply draw the character on your screen or take a picture of it with your phone, and the software will identify it for you.
11.5. AI-Powered Learning Tools
AI-powered learning tools can personalize your learning experience and provide you with customized feedback. These tools can analyze your reading comprehension skills and recommend learning materials that are tailored to your needs.
12. Maintaining Motivation and Enjoyment
Learning to read Chinese can be a challenging but rewarding experience. It’s important to maintain your motivation and find ways to make learning fun.
12.1. Set Achievable Goals
Break down your learning goals into smaller, more manageable steps. This will help you stay motivated and track your progress.
12.2. Celebrate Your Successes
Reward yourself for achieving your goals. This will help you stay positive and motivated.
12.3. Find a Study Buddy
Study with a friend or family member. This will make learning more fun and provide you with support and encouragement.
12.4. Join a Chinese Reading Group
Join a Chinese reading group. This will give you the opportunity to discuss Chinese literature with other learners and share your insights.
12.5. Explore Chinese Culture
Explore Chinese culture through movies, music, food, and travel. This will give you a deeper appreciation for the language and culture and make learning more enjoyable.
13. Tailoring Your Learning to Your Interests
Personalizing your learning experience can significantly boost your motivation and make the process more enjoyable.
13.1. Identify Your Interests
What are you passionate about? Are you interested in history, literature, science, or business? Choose reading materials that align with your interests.
13.2. Find Relevant Reading Materials
Search for Chinese books, articles, and websites that cover topics you’re interested in. This will make learning more engaging and relevant to your life.
13.3. Connect with Others Who Share Your Interests
Join online forums, social media groups, or local communities where you can connect with other people who share your interests in Chinese language and culture. This can provide you with support, motivation, and opportunities to practice your reading skills.
13.4. Set Specific Learning Goals
Set specific learning goals that are tailored to your interests. For example, if you’re interested in Chinese history, you could set a goal to read a biography of a famous Chinese historical figure.
13.5. Use Your Knowledge in Real-World Situations
Look for opportunities to use your Chinese reading skills in real-world situations. For example, you could read Chinese restaurant menus, travel brochures, or product reviews.
14. The Future of Chinese Language Learning
The field of Chinese language learning is constantly evolving. New technologies and teaching methods are emerging all the time.
14.1. Personalized Learning
AI-powered learning tools are becoming increasingly sophisticated. These tools can personalize your learning experience and provide you with customized feedback.
14.2. Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR)
VR and AR technologies are being used to create immersive language learning environments. These environments allow you to interact with virtual Chinese speakers and practice your reading skills in realistic scenarios.
14.3. Gamification
Gamification is becoming increasingly popular in language learning. Games and simulations can make learning more fun and engaging.
14.4. Focus on Communication
There is a growing emphasis on communicative language teaching. This approach focuses on developing your ability to communicate effectively in Chinese, rather than just memorizing grammar rules and vocabulary.
14.5. Global Collaboration
Online platforms are making it easier to connect with Chinese learners and speakers around the world. This allows you to collaborate on projects, share resources, and practice your reading skills with native speakers.
15. Practical Resources and Further Learning
To further aid your journey, consider these valuable resources:
15.1. Online Courses:
- Coursera: Offers a variety of Chinese language courses from top universities.
- edX: Provides access to courses on Chinese language and culture.
- ChinesePod: A subscription-based service with audio and video lessons for all levels.
15.2. Books and Publications:
- “Integrated Chinese” Textbook Series: A comprehensive textbook series for learning Mandarin Chinese.
- “Remembering the Hanzi” Series by James Heisig: Uses mnemonic techniques to help learners memorize Chinese characters.
- China Daily: An English-language newspaper that provides insights into Chinese current affairs.
15.3. Apps:
- Skritter: Helps you learn to write Chinese characters correctly and efficiently.
- HelloTalk: Connects you with native Chinese speakers for language exchange.
15.4. Websites:
- LEARNS.EDU.VN: Offers a wealth of articles, resources, and course recommendations for language learners.
- AllSet Learning: Provides clear and concise explanations of Chinese grammar.
- Purple Culture: Offers online tools for learning Chinese characters and vocabulary.
15.5. Cultural Immersion Opportunities:
- Confucius Institutes: Located around the world, these institutes offer Chinese language and culture programs.
- Study Abroad Programs: Immerse yourself in the Chinese language and culture by studying abroad in China.
- Local Chinese Cultural Centers: Participate in cultural events and connect with the Chinese community in your area.
16. Case Studies: Success Stories of Reading-Focused Learners
Examining the journeys of individuals who have successfully learned to read Chinese without focusing on speaking can provide valuable insights and inspiration.
16.1. Case Study 1: A Researcher in Sinology
Dr. Eleanor Vance, a researcher specializing in classical Chinese literature, initially focused solely on reading and translation. She immersed herself in ancient texts and gradually built her vocabulary and grammar skills. While her spoken Mandarin remained basic, her ability to decipher and analyze complex historical documents was unparalleled.
16.2. Case Study 2: A Business Analyst
Mr. Kenji Tanaka, a business analyst working for a multinational corporation, needed to understand Chinese market reports and legal documents. He prioritized reading comprehension and developed a strong understanding of business-related terminology. This allowed him to effectively analyze data and make informed decisions, even without being able to engage in fluent conversations.
16.3. Case Study 3: A Retired Academic
Mrs. Anya Sharma, a retired history professor, decided to learn to read Chinese for personal enrichment. She dedicated her time to studying characters, reading historical texts, and exploring Chinese culture. While she didn’t aim for fluency in spoken Mandarin, she found immense satisfaction in being able to access and appreciate Chinese literature in its original form.
These case studies demonstrate that focusing on reading comprehension can lead to significant achievements in various fields and provide a rewarding learning experience.
17. Common Mistakes to Avoid
Recognizing common pitfalls can help you optimize your learning process and avoid unnecessary frustrations.
17.1. Neglecting Pronunciation
Even when focusing on reading, ignoring pronunciation entirely can hinder your progress. Understanding how characters are pronounced can aid in memorization and contextual understanding.
17.2. Over-Reliance on Translation
Constantly relying on translations can prevent you from developing an intuitive understanding of Chinese grammar and sentence structure. Try to gradually reduce your reliance on translations and focus on understanding the meaning directly from the Chinese text.
17.3. Learning Characters in Isolation
Memorizing characters without understanding their context can lead to character amnesia. Always learn characters in the context of words and phrases.
17.4. Ignoring Radicals
Radicals are the building blocks of Chinese characters and provide valuable clues to their meaning and pronunciation. Ignoring radicals can make it much harder to learn and remember characters.
17.5. Setting Unrealistic Goals
Setting unrealistic goals can lead to discouragement and burnout. Break down your learning goals into smaller, more manageable steps.
18. Resources Available on LEARNS.EDU.VN
LEARNS.EDU.VN is dedicated to providing comprehensive resources for learners of all levels. Here are some resources you can find on our website:
18.1. Curated Reading Lists
We offer curated reading lists tailored to different proficiency levels and interests. These lists include graded readers, news articles, and online content.
18.2. Character and Vocabulary Guides
Our website features detailed guides to Chinese characters and vocabulary. These guides include stroke order diagrams, multiple definitions, example sentences, and mnemonics.
18.3. Grammar Explanations
We provide clear and concise explanations of Chinese grammar. Our grammar lessons cover topics such as sentence structure, grammatical particles, and common sentence patterns.
18.4. Reading Comprehension Exercises
We offer a variety of reading comprehension exercises to help you improve your skills. These exercises include multiple-choice questions, fill-in-the-blank exercises, and short answer questions.
18.5. Community Forum
Our community forum is a place where you can connect with other Chinese learners, ask questions, and share your experiences.
19. Actionable Steps to Start Your Reading Journey Today
Ready to embark on your journey to read Chinese without speaking it? Here are some actionable steps you can take today:
19.1. Set a Realistic Goal
Start with a small, achievable goal, such as learning 10 new characters this week.
19.2. Download a Chinese Dictionary App
Download a Chinese dictionary app like Pleco or Hanping.
19.3. Find a Graded Reader
Find a graded reader that is appropriate for your level.
19.4. Study Radicals
Begin studying the 214 radicals.
19.5. Visit LEARNS.EDU.VN
Visit LEARNS.EDU.VN and explore our resources for Chinese learners.
20. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q1: Can you really learn to read Chinese without speaking it?
Absolutely! While speaking and reading are related skills, they can be developed independently. Focusing on character recognition, vocabulary, and grammar can lead to reading proficiency even without oral fluency.
Q2: How long does it take to learn to read Chinese?
The time it takes varies depending on your learning style, dedication, and goals. However, with consistent effort, you can achieve basic reading comprehension within a few months and more advanced proficiency within a year or two.
Q3: What are the best resources for learning to read Chinese?
Essential resources include character dictionaries, word dictionaries, flashcard software, graded readers, and online learning platforms like LEARNS.EDU.VN.
Q4: Do I need to learn to write Chinese characters?
While not strictly necessary, learning to write characters can significantly aid in memorization and recognition.
Q5: What are the most common challenges in learning to read Chinese?
Common challenges include character amnesia, difficulty with polysemous characters, lack of motivation, and time constraints.
Q6: How can I stay motivated while learning to read Chinese?
Set realistic goals, celebrate your successes, find a study buddy, and explore Chinese culture.
Q7: Is it necessary to understand Chinese grammar to read Chinese?
Yes, understanding basic grammar is essential for reading comprehension.
Q8: What are the best strategies for vocabulary acquisition?
Focus on frequency lists, word decomposition, thematic vocabulary, and extensive reading.
Q9: How can I immerse myself in the Chinese language without speaking it?
Read widely, listen to Chinese audio, watch Chinese videos, and surround yourself with Chinese culture.
Q10: What advanced reading techniques should I learn?
Learn to read classical Chinese, analyze rhetorical devices, understand cultural references, and read between the lines.
We at LEARNS.EDU.VN believe that anyone can learn to read Chinese with the right approach and resources. We are here to support you on your journey.
Ready to unlock the world of Chinese literature and culture? Visit LEARNS.EDU.VN today to discover a wealth of resources, including curated reading lists, character guides, grammar explanations, and interactive exercises. Start your Chinese reading journey with confidence and achieve your language learning goals. Contact us at 123 Education Way, Learnville, CA 90210, United States or Whatsapp: +1 555-555-1212. Visit our website learns.edu.vn to learn more.
