Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition affecting focus, attention, and behavior, often posing significant challenges to learning. While ADHD itself isn’t classified as a learning disability, research reveals a substantial overlap between the two. Studies suggest that 30% to 50% of children with ADHD also struggle with a specific learning disability. This co-occurrence can create complex learning environments, requiring tailored educational approaches.
It’s crucial to understand the distinction: ADHD is characterized by difficulties in maintaining attention, controlling impulsive behaviors, and hyperactivity. These symptoms typically emerge in preschool or early school years. Approximately 3% to 5% of children, or about 2 million in the United States, are estimated to have ADHD. In a classroom setting, this means that statistically, at least one student may be navigating the challenges of ADHD.
Legally, ADHD is not categorized as a specific learning disability under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Instead, it falls under “Other Health Impaired,” allowing students with ADHD to qualify for special education services when needed. Furthermore, individuals with ADHD can receive accommodations under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Section 504 if ADHD substantially impacts major life functions, including learning.
The core features of ADHD are inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Professionals recognize three primary subtypes: Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive (primarily exhibiting hyperactivity and impulsivity), Predominantly Inattentive (primarily showing inattention, sometimes referred to as ADD), and Combined Type (displaying both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms).
ADHD can sometimes co-occur with other conditions. Tourette Syndrome affects a small percentage of individuals with ADHD. Oppositional Defiant Disorder is more common, affecting one-third to one-half of children with ADHD. Conduct disorder, anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder are also seen in some children with ADHD.
*National Institute of Mental Health, 2003
