A Theory Of Learning From Different Domains

A Theory Of Learning From Different Domains is crucial for adapting knowledge across varied contexts, and this principle is foundational to the educational resources available at LEARNS.EDU.VN. By understanding how concepts transfer between fields and leveraging learning methodologies, we can provide effective solutions for diverse educational needs. This includes cognitive transfer, schema theory, and situated learning to enhance educational experiences.

1. Understanding the Core Principles of a Theory of Learning from Different Domains

A theory of learning from different domains focuses on how skills, knowledge, and understanding acquired in one area can be applied or adapted to another. This interdisciplinary approach is essential for fostering innovative problem-solving and comprehensive education.

1.1. Defining Domain Specificity and Transfer

Domain specificity refers to the idea that some knowledge and skills are highly specific to the context in which they are learned, making them difficult to transfer. Transfer, on the other hand, is the ability to apply what has been learned in one situation to a new, different situation. Effective learning involves understanding both domain specificity and the principles that facilitate transfer.

1.2. Cognitive Theories Supporting Cross-Domain Learning

Several cognitive theories support the concept of learning across domains. These include:

• Schema Theory: This suggests that knowledge is organized into schemas, which are mental frameworks that help us understand and respond to new information. Transfer occurs when individuals can map new situations onto existing schemas.
• Cognitive Flexibility Theory: Emphasizes the importance of being able to restructure knowledge in response to changing situational demands, which is critical for adapting to new domains.
• Situated Learning Theory: Posits that learning is deeply contextualized, suggesting that transfer is most effective when the learning context closely resembles the context of application.

1.3. Key Factors Influencing Successful Cross-Domain Learning

Several factors can influence the success of cross-domain learning:

• Relevance: The perceived relevance of the original learning to the new context.
• Similarity: The degree of similarity between the original and new domains.
• Depth of Understanding: A thorough and flexible understanding of the initial material.
• Contextual Awareness: Recognizing how context influences the application of knowledge.

2. Exploring Different Types of Learning Transfer

Understanding the types of learning transfer can help tailor educational strategies to enhance the application of knowledge across different domains.

2.1. Positive vs. Negative Transfer

• Positive Transfer: Occurs when learning in one domain enhances performance in another.
• Negative Transfer: Occurs when previous learning hinders performance in a new domain. Recognizing and mitigating negative transfer is crucial for effective learning.

2.2. Near vs. Far Transfer

• Near Transfer: Involves applying knowledge or skills to situations that are very similar to the original learning context.
• Far Transfer: Involves applying knowledge or skills to situations that are significantly different from the original context. Far transfer is more challenging but also more valuable for innovative problem-solving.

2.3. Lateral vs. Vertical Transfer

• Lateral Transfer: Involves applying knowledge at the same level of complexity across different domains.
• Vertical Transfer: Involves using foundational knowledge to build more complex understandings in a new domain.

3. The Role of Analogy and Metaphor in Cross-Domain Learning

Analogy and metaphor are powerful tools for facilitating cross-domain learning by helping learners see connections between seemingly disparate concepts.

3.1. How Analogies Bridge Different Domains

Analogies create bridges between domains by highlighting structural similarities. For example, understanding the flow of electricity can be aided by an analogy to the flow of water, helping learners grasp complex concepts through familiar frameworks.

3.2. The Impact of Metaphorical Thinking

Metaphorical thinking allows learners to transfer abstract ideas from one domain to another, enhancing comprehension and creativity. For instance, describing an argument as a “battle” uses metaphorical thinking to frame understanding and strategy.

3.3. Strategies for Effective Use of Analogies and Metaphors in Education

• Choose Relevant Analogies: Select analogies that are closely related to the learner’s existing knowledge.
• Explain Connections Explicitly: Clearly articulate the similarities between the source and target domains.
• Encourage Active Construction: Have learners create their own analogies to reinforce understanding.

4. Domain-General Skills and Their Application

Domain-general skills, such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication, are applicable across various fields and are essential for effective cross-domain learning.

4.1. Identifying Key Domain-General Skills

• Critical Thinking: Analyzing information objectively and making reasoned judgments.
• Problem-Solving: Identifying, analyzing, and resolving complex issues.
• Communication: Effectively conveying information and ideas to others.
• Creativity: Generating new and innovative solutions or ideas.

4.2. Strategies for Developing Domain-General Skills

• Project-Based Learning: Engage in projects that require applying skills across different contexts.
• Case Studies: Analyze real-world scenarios that demand critical thinking and problem-solving.
• Collaborative Activities: Work in groups to enhance communication and teamwork.

4.3. The Role of Metacognition in Enhancing Transfer

Metacognition, or thinking about one’s thinking, plays a crucial role in enhancing transfer. By being aware of their own cognitive processes, learners can better adapt their strategies to new domains.

5. Overcoming Challenges in Cross-Domain Learning

Despite its benefits, cross-domain learning presents several challenges that educators and learners must address.

5.1. Addressing Knowledge Silos

Knowledge silos, where information is isolated within specific domains, can hinder transfer. Encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration and curriculum design can help break down these silos.

5.2. Overcoming Functional Fixedness

Functional fixedness, the tendency to see objects or concepts as having only one use, can limit creativity and problem-solving. Strategies to overcome this include brainstorming and design thinking exercises.

5.3. Managing Cognitive Load

Cognitive load, the amount of mental effort required to process information, can be particularly high in cross-domain learning. Techniques to manage cognitive load include breaking down complex tasks and providing scaffolding.

6. Designing Effective Learning Environments for Cross-Domain Application

Creating learning environments that foster cross-domain application involves intentional design and pedagogical strategies.

6.1. Incorporating Interdisciplinary Approaches

Interdisciplinary approaches integrate knowledge and methods from different disciplines to provide a more holistic understanding. This can involve team-teaching, integrated projects, and thematic units.

6.2. Using Real-World Simulations and Case Studies

Real-world simulations and case studies provide opportunities for learners to apply knowledge in authentic contexts, enhancing transferability. These should be complex and multifaceted, requiring learners to draw on multiple domains.

6.3. Promoting Reflective Practice

Reflective practice encourages learners to think critically about their learning experiences and how they can apply what they have learned in new situations. This can involve journaling, peer feedback, and self-assessment.

7. Technology’s Role in Facilitating Cross-Domain Learning

Technology offers powerful tools for facilitating cross-domain learning, from virtual reality simulations to online collaborative platforms.

7.1. Leveraging Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality

VR and AR can create immersive learning experiences that bridge different domains. For example, medical students can use VR to practice surgical procedures in a realistic but safe environment.

7.2. Utilizing Online Collaborative Platforms

Online platforms enable learners from different disciplines and backgrounds to collaborate on projects, share knowledge, and build interdisciplinary understanding.

7.3. Data Analytics for Personalized Cross-Domain Learning Paths

Data analytics can track learner progress and identify patterns in cross-domain learning, allowing for personalized learning paths that optimize transfer and retention.

8. Case Studies: Successful Implementation of Cross-Domain Learning

Examining successful examples of cross-domain learning can provide valuable insights and inspiration for educators and learners.

8.1. STEM Education Initiatives

STEM education initiatives often integrate science, technology, engineering, and mathematics to provide a holistic and applied learning experience.

8.2. Arts Integration in Non-Arts Subjects

Integrating arts into non-arts subjects can enhance creativity, engagement, and understanding. For example, using drama to teach history can make the subject more memorable and relatable.

8.3. Global Studies Programs

Global studies programs promote cross-cultural understanding and problem-solving by examining issues from multiple perspectives and disciplines.

9. Assessing Cross-Domain Learning Outcomes

Assessing cross-domain learning outcomes requires methods that go beyond traditional tests and exams, focusing on the application of knowledge and skills in new contexts.

9.1. Designing Authentic Assessment Tasks

Authentic assessment tasks mirror real-world challenges, requiring learners to apply knowledge and skills in meaningful ways.

9.2. Using Rubrics to Evaluate Transferable Skills

Rubrics can provide clear criteria for evaluating transferable skills such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication.

9.3. Portfolio-Based Assessment

Portfolio-based assessment allows learners to showcase their work over time, demonstrating their growth and ability to apply knowledge across different domains.

10. Future Trends in Cross-Domain Learning

The field of cross-domain learning is constantly evolving, with new research and technologies emerging that promise to enhance transfer and application.

10.1. The Impact of AI and Machine Learning

AI and machine learning have the potential to personalize learning experiences, identify patterns in cross-domain learning, and provide adaptive support.

10.2. Neuroscientific Insights into Transfer

Neuroscientific research is providing new insights into the brain mechanisms underlying transfer, which can inform the design of more effective learning strategies.

10.3. The Growing Importance of Lifelong Learning

In an increasingly complex and rapidly changing world, lifelong learning and the ability to adapt to new domains are more important than ever.

11. Practical Examples of a Theory of Learning from Different Domains

Exploring real-world applications of a theory of learning from different domains can provide a clearer understanding of its utility and impact.

11.1. Learning Programming Through Music

Understanding musical composition can aid in grasping programming concepts. Both involve structured sequences and logical arrangements. For instance, the concept of loops in programming is analogous to repeating musical phrases. This analogy makes learning programming more intuitive for those with a musical background.

11.2. Applying Culinary Skills to Chemistry

Cooking involves numerous chemical reactions. Measuring ingredients, understanding how heat affects substances, and observing transformations are all fundamental to chemistry. This hands-on experience can make learning chemistry more engaging and understandable.

11.3. Using Sports Strategies in Business

Many strategic concepts from sports, such as teamwork, planning, and adapting to opponents, can be applied to business. Analyzing game footage to improve performance is akin to analyzing market trends to refine business strategies. The competitive mindset fostered in sports can also translate to a drive for success in business.

12. Strategies for Educators to Foster Cross-Domain Learning

Educators play a vital role in facilitating cross-domain learning. Implementing specific strategies can help students make connections between different subjects.

12.1. Creating Interdisciplinary Projects

Designing projects that require students to integrate knowledge from multiple subjects can enhance understanding and retention. For example, a project on climate change could involve scientific research, economic analysis, and policy recommendations.

12.2. Encouraging Analogical Thinking

Prompting students to find similarities between different concepts can improve their ability to transfer knowledge. Asking questions like, “How is this similar to something else we’ve learned?” can stimulate analogical thinking.

12.3. Providing Real-World Context

Relating academic content to real-world scenarios can make learning more relevant and meaningful. Discussing current events and using case studies can help students see the practical applications of their knowledge.

13. Benefits of Embracing a Theory of Learning from Different Domains

Adopting a theory of learning from different domains offers numerous advantages, both for individuals and organizations.

13.1. Enhanced Problem-Solving Skills

By drawing on knowledge from multiple domains, individuals can develop more creative and effective solutions to complex problems. This interdisciplinary approach allows for a broader perspective and the ability to see connections that might otherwise be missed.

13.2. Increased Innovation and Creativity

Cross-domain learning fosters innovation by encouraging individuals to combine ideas and approaches from different fields. This can lead to the development of new products, services, and processes.

13.3. Improved Adaptability and Resilience

In a rapidly changing world, the ability to adapt and learn new skills is essential. Cross-domain learning enhances adaptability by providing individuals with a diverse skill set and the ability to transfer knowledge to new situations.

14. Common Misconceptions About Cross-Domain Learning

Addressing common misconceptions can help educators and learners approach cross-domain learning with a more informed perspective.

14.1. “It’s Only for Geniuses”

Cross-domain learning is not limited to exceptionally gifted individuals. With the right strategies and support, anyone can learn to make connections between different subjects.

14.2. “It’s Too Time-Consuming”

While cross-domain learning may require additional effort, the benefits in terms of enhanced understanding and problem-solving skills outweigh the time investment.

14.3. “It’s Not Relevant to My Field”

Regardless of one’s field of study or profession, the ability to transfer knowledge and skills to new contexts is valuable. Cross-domain learning can enhance performance and creativity in any area.

15. How LEARNS.EDU.VN Supports Cross-Domain Learning

LEARNS.EDU.VN is committed to providing resources and support for cross-domain learning, helping individuals connect ideas from different fields and enhance their problem-solving skills.

15.1. Interdisciplinary Course Offerings

LEARNS.EDU.VN offers a variety of interdisciplinary courses that integrate knowledge from different subjects. These courses are designed to help students see the connections between various fields and develop a more holistic understanding.

15.2. Expert-Led Workshops and Seminars

LEARNS.EDU.VN hosts workshops and seminars led by experts in cross-domain learning. These events provide practical strategies and insights for making connections between different subjects.

15.3. Resources and Tools for Educators

LEARNS.EDU.VN provides resources and tools for educators to foster cross-domain learning in their classrooms. These resources include lesson plans, project ideas, and assessment strategies.

16. Measuring the Success of Cross-Domain Learning Initiatives

To ensure that cross-domain learning initiatives are effective, it is important to measure their success using appropriate metrics.

16.1. Tracking Student Engagement and Participation

Monitoring student engagement and participation in cross-domain learning activities can provide insights into their effectiveness. This can be done through surveys, focus groups, and observation.

16.2. Assessing Knowledge Transfer and Application

Measuring the extent to which students are able to transfer knowledge and skills to new contexts is crucial. This can be assessed through authentic assessment tasks and portfolio-based assessment.

16.3. Evaluating Long-Term Outcomes

Evaluating the long-term outcomes of cross-domain learning initiatives can provide insights into their impact on students’ careers and personal lives. This can be done through alumni surveys and case studies.

17. The Ethical Considerations of Cross-Domain Learning

As with any educational approach, it is important to consider the ethical implications of cross-domain learning.

17.1. Ensuring Equitable Access

It is important to ensure that all students have equitable access to cross-domain learning opportunities, regardless of their background or circumstances.

17.2. Promoting Cultural Sensitivity

Cross-domain learning should promote cultural sensitivity and respect for diverse perspectives. This can be achieved through inclusive curriculum design and culturally responsive teaching practices.

17.3. Addressing Power Dynamics

It is important to address power dynamics that may arise when integrating knowledge from different domains. This can be done through critical discussions and reflective practice.

18. Overcoming Resistance to Cross-Domain Learning

Implementing cross-domain learning initiatives may encounter resistance from educators, students, and administrators. Addressing this resistance requires a strategic approach.

18.1. Communicating the Benefits

Clearly communicating the benefits of cross-domain learning can help overcome resistance. This includes highlighting the enhanced problem-solving skills, increased innovation, and improved adaptability that result from this approach.

18.2. Providing Training and Support

Providing training and support for educators can help them feel more confident in implementing cross-domain learning initiatives. This can include workshops, mentoring, and access to resources.

18.3. Building Collaboration and Partnerships

Building collaboration and partnerships between different departments and institutions can help overcome resistance and create a more supportive environment for cross-domain learning.

19. Case Studies: Failures and Lessons Learned in Cross-Domain Learning

Examining unsuccessful attempts at cross-domain learning can provide valuable lessons for future initiatives.

19.1. Lack of Clear Goals and Objectives

Initiatives that lack clear goals and objectives are more likely to fail. It is important to define specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goals for cross-domain learning.

19.2. Inadequate Resources and Support

Insufficient resources and support can undermine cross-domain learning initiatives. It is important to ensure that educators have access to the training, materials, and technology they need to be successful.

19.3. Resistance from Stakeholders

Resistance from stakeholders can derail cross-domain learning initiatives. It is important to address this resistance through clear communication, training, and collaboration.

20. Future Directions for Research in Cross-Domain Learning

The field of cross-domain learning is ripe for future research, with many unanswered questions and emerging trends.

20.1. The Role of Cognitive Biases

Research on the role of cognitive biases in cross-domain learning can provide insights into how to overcome these biases and enhance transfer.

20.2. The Impact of Technology

Further research on the impact of technology on cross-domain learning can inform the design of effective educational tools and platforms.

20.3. The Development of New Assessment Methods

Developing new assessment methods that accurately measure cross-domain learning outcomes is essential for evaluating the effectiveness of educational initiatives.

21. Integrating Diverse Perspectives in Cross-Domain Learning

Embracing diverse perspectives is crucial for enriching cross-domain learning experiences and promoting inclusive education.

21.1. Incorporating Multicultural Content

Multicultural content broadens understanding by exposing learners to diverse cultural viewpoints, enhancing their ability to connect with a globalized world.

21.2. Encouraging Diverse Voices

Creating platforms for diverse voices within learning environments ensures varied perspectives enrich discussions and promote a more comprehensive grasp of subject matter.

21.3. Addressing Bias in Curriculum Materials

Actively addressing biases in curriculum materials helps ensure a fair, balanced educational experience, fostering critical thinking and cultural sensitivity.

22. The Importance of Experiential Learning in Cross-Domain Contexts

Experiential learning is pivotal in cross-domain contexts, enabling learners to apply theoretical knowledge practically and gain deeper insights.

22.1. Implementing Hands-On Activities

Hands-on activities translate abstract concepts into tangible experiences, improving retention and understanding through active participation.

22.2. Using Simulations and Role-Playing

Simulations and role-playing create immersive scenarios that replicate real-world challenges, enhancing problem-solving skills and adaptability in cross-domain situations.

22.3. Facilitating Real-World Projects

Facilitating real-world projects grounds learning in practicality, allowing learners to address actual issues and apply their interdisciplinary knowledge meaningfully.

23. The Art of Synthesis: Blending Knowledge Effectively

Effective synthesis is critical for cross-domain learning, requiring learners to blend disparate knowledge elements cohesively and logically.

23.1. Promoting Integrative Thinking

Promoting integrative thinking encourages learners to connect diverse concepts, fostering a holistic understanding that transcends individual domain boundaries.

23.2. Encouraging Creative Problem-Solving

Encouraging creative problem-solving inspires learners to devise novel solutions by merging knowledge from different fields, promoting innovation.

23.3. Developing Comprehensive Frameworks

Developing comprehensive frameworks helps organize synthesized information, enabling learners to apply integrated knowledge efficiently in new contexts.

24. Ethical Leadership and Its Connection to Cross-Domain Learning

Ethical leadership principles can be significantly enhanced through cross-domain learning, promoting a holistic and responsible approach to decision-making.

24.1. Understanding Interconnected Consequences

Understanding interconnected consequences requires leaders to evaluate decisions from multiple perspectives, promoting responsible and sustainable outcomes.

24.2. Practicing Informed Decision-Making

Informed decision-making involves integrating insights from various domains, ensuring that ethical considerations are thoroughly addressed in leadership roles.

24.3. Promoting Social Responsibility

Promoting social responsibility encourages leaders to apply cross-domain knowledge to address societal challenges, fostering a more equitable and just world.

25. Building a Culture of Continuous Learning Across Domains

Creating a culture of continuous learning is essential for sustaining cross-domain expertise and adaptability.

25.1. Fostering Curiosity and Exploration

Fostering curiosity and exploration encourages individuals to pursue knowledge beyond their immediate field, building a broad base for cross-domain integration.

25.2. Supporting Collaborative Learning Environments

Supporting collaborative learning environments facilitates knowledge sharing and mutual learning across different disciplines, strengthening collective expertise.

25.3. Recognizing and Rewarding Cross-Domain Achievements

Recognizing and rewarding cross-domain achievements motivates continuous learning and application of interdisciplinary knowledge, fostering a dynamic and innovative environment.

26. The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Cross-Domain Success

Emotional intelligence plays a crucial role in effectively navigating and leveraging cross-domain learning experiences.

26.1. Enhancing Empathy and Understanding

Empathy and understanding enable individuals to appreciate diverse perspectives, facilitating better collaboration and knowledge integration across different fields.

26.2. Improving Communication Skills

Enhanced communication skills are essential for articulating complex ideas and fostering mutual understanding among professionals from varied backgrounds.

26.3. Managing Interdisciplinary Conflict

Managing interdisciplinary conflict requires emotional intelligence to mediate disputes constructively and harness diverse viewpoints for innovative solutions.

27. Applying Systems Thinking in Cross-Domain Scenarios

Systems thinking offers a comprehensive approach to understanding how various elements interact within complex cross-domain systems.

27.1. Understanding Complex Interrelationships

Understanding complex interrelationships allows learners to appreciate the nuances of how different domains affect each other within a larger framework.

27.2. Identifying Leverage Points for Change

Identifying leverage points for change enables strategic interventions that can optimize system performance by focusing on key areas of influence.

27.3. Developing Holistic Solutions

Developing holistic solutions requires integrating knowledge from multiple domains to address root causes and create sustainable improvements within complex systems.

28. The Power of Storytelling in Cross-Domain Education

Storytelling enhances cross-domain education by making abstract concepts relatable and memorable, fostering deeper engagement and understanding.

28.1. Making Concepts Relatable

Making concepts relatable through storytelling bridges the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application, enhancing learner engagement.

28.2. Enhancing Memory and Retention

Enhanced memory and retention are achieved when stories connect emotionally with learners, improving the recall and application of cross-domain concepts.

28.3. Fostering Empathy and Connection

Fostering empathy and connection through storytelling promotes a deeper understanding of diverse perspectives and encourages collaborative problem-solving in interdisciplinary contexts.

29. Navigating Cognitive Biases in Cross-Domain Integration

Successfully integrating knowledge across domains requires awareness and mitigation of cognitive biases that can distort judgment and decision-making.

29.1. Recognizing Confirmation Bias

Recognizing confirmation bias helps learners avoid selectively interpreting information to reinforce existing beliefs, promoting objective cross-domain analysis.

29.2. Overcoming Anchoring Bias

Overcoming anchoring bias ensures that learners do not rely excessively on initial information, fostering more comprehensive and flexible integration of cross-domain knowledge.

29.3. Mitigating Groupthink

Mitigating groupthink encourages diverse viewpoints and critical evaluation in interdisciplinary collaborations, enhancing the quality of synthesized knowledge.

30. The Future of Work: Cross-Domain Skills for the Modern Professional

In the evolving landscape of the future of work, cross-domain skills are essential for professionals aiming to thrive in dynamic and interdisciplinary environments.

30.1. Adaptability and Flexibility

Adaptability and flexibility enable professionals to quickly adjust to new roles and challenges by leveraging diverse skill sets acquired through cross-domain learning.

30.2. Innovation and Creativity

Innovation and creativity are fostered by professionals who can synthesize knowledge from various domains, leading to novel solutions and competitive advantages.

30.3. Collaboration and Communication

Collaboration and communication skills enhance teamwork and knowledge sharing among professionals from diverse backgrounds, facilitating effective problem-solving in interdisciplinary projects.

A theory of learning from different domains offers immense potential for enhancing education and fostering innovation. By understanding the principles of transfer, leveraging analogies and metaphors, developing domain-general skills, and designing effective learning environments, educators and learners can unlock new possibilities for applying knowledge across various fields. LEARNS.EDU.VN is dedicated to providing the resources and support needed to embrace this transformative approach to learning.

Ready to explore the possibilities of cross-domain learning? Visit learns.edu.vn, located at 123 Education Way, Learnville, CA 90210, United States, or contact us via WhatsApp at +1 555-555-1212 to discover our interdisciplinary courses and expert-led workshops. Unlock your potential with cognitive skills, knowledge application, and skill transfer.

FAQ about a Theory of Learning from Different Domains

1. What is a theory of learning from different domains?

   A theory of learning from different domains involves understanding how knowledge and skills acquired in one area can be applied or adapted to another, promoting interdisciplinary problem-solving and comprehensive education.

2. Why is cross-domain learning important?

   Cross-domain learning is crucial for fostering innovative problem-solving, enhancing creativity, and improving adaptability in a rapidly changing world.

3. What are some key cognitive theories that support cross-domain learning?

   Key theories include schema theory, cognitive flexibility theory, and situated learning theory, which explain how knowledge is organized and transferred across contexts.

4. How can educators foster cross-domain learning in the classroom?

   Educators can incorporate interdisciplinary projects, encourage analogical thinking, provide real-world contexts, and promote reflective practice.

5. What role does technology play in facilitating cross-domain learning?

   Technology offers tools like virtual reality, online collaborative platforms, and data analytics to create immersive, personalized learning experiences.

6. What are some common challenges in cross-domain learning?

   Challenges include addressing knowledge silos, overcoming functional fixedness, and managing cognitive load.

7. How can I measure the success of cross-domain learning initiatives?

   Success can be measured by tracking student engagement, assessing knowledge transfer, and evaluating long-term outcomes through authentic assessments.

8. What are the ethical considerations of cross-domain learning?

   Ethical considerations include ensuring equitable access, promoting cultural sensitivity, and addressing power dynamics in curriculum and teaching practices.

9. How can I overcome resistance to cross-domain learning initiatives?

   Overcome resistance by communicating the benefits, providing training and support, and building collaboration among stakeholders.

10. What future trends are expected in cross-domain learning?

    Future trends include the impact of AI and machine learning, neuroscientific insights into transfer, and the growing importance of lifelong learning.