Can You Learn While Drunk? Exploring Alcohol’s Impact on Learning

Can You Learn While Drunk? Not effectively. While alcohol might seem to loosen inhibitions and foster creativity, it significantly impairs cognitive functions crucial for learning, memory, and information processing. Learn more at LEARNS.EDU.VN.

This article delves into the complex relationship between alcohol and learning, offering insights backed by research and expert opinions. We’ll explore how alcohol affects different aspects of learning, memory consolidation, and overall cognitive performance. Plus, you’ll gain practical tips on optimizing your learning strategies. Read on to understand alcohol’s memory effects, cognitive impairments, and tips for better learning outcomes.

1. What Are the Immediate Cognitive Effects of Alcohol Consumption?

Alcohol consumption leads to several immediate cognitive effects, including impaired judgment and reduced attention span. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), even moderate alcohol consumption can affect cognitive abilities.

Alcohol primarily affects the central nervous system, disrupting communication between nerve cells. This disruption leads to:

• Impaired judgment: Alcohol reduces inhibitions, leading to poor decision-making.
• Reduced attention span: Concentration becomes difficult, hindering the ability to focus on learning tasks.
• Slower reaction times: Processing information and responding appropriately is delayed.
• Decreased motor skills: Coordination and physical control are compromised.

These immediate effects make it challenging to engage in effective learning activities. When drunk, individuals may struggle to understand complex concepts, retain information, and apply what they’ve learned.

2. How Does Alcohol Affect Memory Formation and Recall?

Alcohol significantly impairs memory formation and recall by disrupting the brain’s ability to consolidate memories. Research from the University of California, Berkeley, shows that alcohol interferes with long-term potentiation (LTP), a process critical for forming new memories.

Here’s how alcohol affects memory:

• Impaired Encoding: Alcohol hinders the initial encoding of information into short-term memory.
• Disrupted Consolidation: It interferes with the transfer of short-term memories to long-term storage.
• Reduced Recall: Alcohol makes it difficult to retrieve stored memories, leading to recall difficulties.

Specifically, alcohol affects the hippocampus, a brain region crucial for memory formation. By disrupting hippocampal function, alcohol reduces the brain’s ability to create new memories and recall existing ones. This can result in partial or complete blackouts, where individuals cannot remember events that occurred while intoxicated.

3. What is Anterograde Amnesia and How is it Related to Alcohol?

Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after a specific event, such as alcohol intoxication. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) defines anterograde amnesia as a significant impairment in creating new long-term memories.

Alcohol-induced anterograde amnesia occurs because alcohol disrupts the normal functioning of the hippocampus, preventing the consolidation of short-term memories into long-term storage. This means that while someone may remember events from before they started drinking, they cannot form new memories while intoxicated.

Key characteristics of alcohol-related anterograde amnesia include:

• Inability to Remember Recent Events: Difficulty recalling conversations, activities, or experiences that occurred while under the influence of alcohol.
• Fragmented Memories: Memories may be incomplete or distorted.
• Blackouts: In severe cases, individuals may experience complete blackouts, where they have no memory of events that occurred during intoxication.

Anterograde amnesia highlights the profound impact of alcohol on the brain’s ability to create and retain new information, making learning and memory formation nearly impossible while drunk.

4. Can “Retrograde Facilitation” Occur After Drinking Alcohol?

Retrograde facilitation, the enhancement of memory for information learned before alcohol consumption, has been observed in some studies, but it’s not a reliable or recommended learning strategy. Research published in Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research suggests that alcohol may sometimes enhance memory consolidation for previously learned information by blocking new learning.

Here’s a detailed look at retrograde facilitation:

• Mechanism: Alcohol may reduce interference from new information, allowing the brain to consolidate existing memories more effectively.
• Limited Scope: This effect is not consistent and does not outweigh the negative impacts of alcohol on cognitive function and memory.
• Risk of Dependence: Relying on alcohol to enhance memory is dangerous and can lead to dependency and other health problems.

Although some studies indicate that alcohol might facilitate memory consolidation in specific circumstances, the overall impact of alcohol on learning and memory is overwhelmingly negative. The potential risks associated with alcohol consumption far outweigh any possible cognitive benefits.

5. How Does Alcohol Affect Different Types of Learning (e.g., Motor Skills, Verbal Learning)?

Alcohol impacts different types of learning to varying degrees, generally hindering both motor skills and verbal learning. Research from the Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs demonstrates that alcohol impairs motor coordination, reaction time, and cognitive processing speed.

Here’s how alcohol affects specific types of learning:

• Motor Skills: Alcohol impairs motor skills by disrupting communication between the brain and muscles, leading to reduced coordination and slower reaction times. This affects the ability to learn and perform tasks that require physical dexterity.
• Verbal Learning: Alcohol interferes with verbal learning by disrupting the encoding and consolidation of new information. It becomes difficult to remember words, facts, or concepts.
• Spatial Learning: Alcohol can impair spatial learning and memory, affecting the ability to navigate and remember locations.

Overall, alcohol impairs the cognitive and motor functions necessary for effective learning, regardless of the specific type of learning involved.

6. Are There Differences in Alcohol’s Effects on Learning Based on Age or Gender?

Yes, there are differences in how alcohol affects learning based on age and gender. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), adolescents and young adults are more vulnerable to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol because their brains are still developing.

Here’s how age and gender influence alcohol’s effects on learning:

• Age:
  • Adolescents: Alcohol can disrupt brain development, leading to long-term cognitive deficits and impaired learning abilities.
  • Adults: While the adult brain is less vulnerable, chronic alcohol abuse can still cause significant cognitive impairment.
  • Older Adults: Older adults may experience more pronounced cognitive effects due to age-related changes in brain function and metabolism.
• Gender:
  • Women: Women tend to have higher blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) than men after consuming the same amount of alcohol due to differences in body composition and metabolism. This can lead to greater cognitive impairment and increased vulnerability to alcohol-related brain damage.
  • Men: While men may metabolize alcohol more quickly, they are still susceptible to the negative effects of alcohol on learning and memory.

These differences highlight the importance of considering age and gender when assessing the impact of alcohol on cognitive function and learning.

7. What Role Does Sleep Play in Memory Consolidation and How Does Alcohol Affect It?

Sleep plays a crucial role in memory consolidation, and alcohol can disrupt this process, further impairing learning. Research from Harvard Medical School indicates that sleep facilitates the transfer of memories from the hippocampus to the neocortex for long-term storage.

Here’s how sleep and alcohol interact to affect memory:

• Sleep Stages: Different stages of sleep, such as slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, are essential for consolidating different types of memories.
• Alcohol Disruption: Alcohol disrupts normal sleep patterns, reducing the amount of time spent in restorative sleep stages like SWS and REM sleep.
• Impaired Consolidation: By interfering with sleep, alcohol impairs the brain’s ability to consolidate memories, leading to reduced learning and recall.

Even though alcohol may initially induce sleepiness, it compromises the quality of sleep, hindering the critical processes necessary for memory consolidation and effective learning.

8. Are There Any Strategies to Mitigate Alcohol’s Negative Effects on Learning?

While the best strategy is to avoid alcohol when learning, some strategies may help mitigate its negative effects to a limited extent. Experts at the Mayo Clinic suggest that staying hydrated and eating before drinking can help reduce the severity of alcohol’s impact.

Here are some strategies:

• Hydration: Drinking water can help dilute alcohol in the bloodstream, reducing its concentration and impact on the brain.
• Eating Before Drinking: Consuming food, especially foods high in protein and fat, can slow the absorption of alcohol into the bloodstream.
• Moderate Consumption: Limiting alcohol intake can reduce the risk of cognitive impairment and memory problems.
• Avoid Mixing with Other Substances: Combining alcohol with other drugs or medications can amplify its negative effects on the brain.

These strategies can provide some relief, but they do not eliminate the harmful effects of alcohol on learning and memory. Abstaining from alcohol is the most effective way to ensure optimal cognitive function.

9. What are the Long-Term Effects of Chronic Alcohol Abuse on Cognitive Function?

Chronic alcohol abuse can lead to severe and long-lasting cognitive impairments, affecting various aspects of learning and memory. The NIAAA reports that long-term alcohol abuse can result in structural and functional changes in the brain.

Here are some long-term effects:

• Brain Damage: Chronic alcohol abuse can cause brain damage, including shrinkage of brain tissue and loss of neurons.
• Cognitive Decline: It can lead to cognitive decline, characterized by deficits in memory, attention, executive function, and problem-solving skills.
• Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome: This severe neurological disorder results from thiamine deficiency and is characterized by confusion, memory loss, and impaired coordination.
• Increased Risk of Dementia: Chronic alcohol abuse is associated with an increased risk of developing dementia later in life.

These long-term effects underscore the serious and irreversible damage that alcohol can inflict on the brain, highlighting the importance of responsible alcohol consumption.

10. What Resources are Available for People Struggling with Alcohol Abuse?

Numerous resources are available for individuals struggling with alcohol abuse, providing support, treatment, and guidance for recovery. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) offers a national helpline and online resources to help people find treatment options.

Here are some key resources:

• SAMHSA National Helpline: A confidential resource that provides referrals to local treatment facilities, support groups, and community-based organizations.
• Alcoholics Anonymous (AA): A peer support group that helps individuals overcome alcohol addiction through shared experiences and mutual support.
• National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA): Provides information, research, and resources related to alcohol abuse and its effects on health.
• Professional Counseling and Therapy: Licensed therapists and counselors can provide individualized treatment plans to address alcohol addiction and its underlying causes.

Seeking help is a crucial step towards recovery, and these resources offer valuable support and guidance for individuals and families affected by alcohol abuse.

11. How Does Alcohol Influence Neuroplasticity, the Brain’s Ability to Adapt?

Alcohol significantly impairs neuroplasticity, the brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life. Research from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) demonstrates that chronic alcohol exposure can disrupt the brain’s structural and functional plasticity.

Here’s how alcohol affects neuroplasticity:

• Reduced Synaptic Plasticity: Alcohol interferes with synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time in response to increased or decreased activity.
• Impaired Neurogenesis: It can impair neurogenesis, the process by which new neurons are generated in the brain.
• Disrupted Neural Circuits: Alcohol can disrupt the formation and maintenance of neural circuits, affecting cognitive functions such as learning, memory, and decision-making.

By disrupting neuroplasticity, alcohol impairs the brain’s ability to adapt and recover from injury or disease, leading to long-term cognitive deficits and reduced learning potential.

12. Can Specific Nutrients or Supplements Counteract Alcohol’s Cognitive Effects?

While no nutrient or supplement can completely counteract alcohol’s cognitive effects, some may help mitigate the damage and support brain health. Experts at the Cleveland Clinic suggest that nutrients like thiamine and omega-3 fatty acids may play a role in protecting the brain from alcohol-related damage.

Here are some nutrients and supplements:

• Thiamine (Vitamin B1): Essential for glucose metabolism and nerve function. Alcohol abuse can lead to thiamine deficiency, contributing to neurological disorders like Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
• Omega-3 Fatty Acids: These essential fats have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties that may help protect the brain from alcohol-induced damage.
• Magnesium: Alcohol can deplete magnesium levels in the body, which is important for nerve and muscle function. Supplementation may help restore magnesium levels and support brain health.
• Antioxidants: Nutrients like vitamin C and vitamin E can help protect brain cells from oxidative stress caused by alcohol metabolism.

It’s important to note that while these nutrients and supplements may offer some benefits, they are not a substitute for responsible alcohol consumption. Consulting with a healthcare professional is recommended before starting any new supplement regimen.

13. How Does Alcohol Impact Executive Functions Like Planning and Decision-Making?

Alcohol significantly impairs executive functions such as planning, decision-making, and impulse control. Research from Yale University demonstrates that alcohol disrupts the prefrontal cortex, a brain region crucial for executive functions.

Here’s how alcohol affects these functions:

• Impaired Planning: Alcohol makes it difficult to think ahead, set goals, and develop strategies to achieve them.
• Poor Decision-Making: It reduces the ability to weigh consequences and make rational choices.
• Reduced Impulse Control: Alcohol impairs the ability to resist urges and control behavior, leading to impulsive actions.

By disrupting executive functions, alcohol compromises the ability to think clearly and make sound judgments, affecting various aspects of daily life, including learning and problem-solving.

14. What is the Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption and Mental Health in the Context of Learning?

There is a complex relationship between alcohol consumption and mental health, particularly in the context of learning. Research published in the journal Psychology of Addictive Behaviors indicates that alcohol can exacerbate mental health issues, which in turn can affect learning and cognitive function.

Here’s how alcohol and mental health interact:

• Depression and Anxiety: Alcohol can worsen symptoms of depression and anxiety, making it difficult to concentrate, stay motivated, and engage in learning activities.
• Stress: While some people may use alcohol to cope with stress, it can actually increase stress levels in the long run, affecting cognitive function and learning.
• Self-Esteem: Alcohol can negatively impact self-esteem, leading to feelings of inadequacy and reduced motivation to learn.

Addressing mental health issues and practicing responsible alcohol consumption are essential for optimizing learning and cognitive performance.

15. How Do Cultural and Social Factors Influence Alcohol Consumption and Its Impact on Learning?

Cultural and social factors play a significant role in influencing alcohol consumption patterns and their impact on learning. The WHO reports that cultural norms, social environments, and peer influences can affect attitudes towards alcohol and drinking behaviors.

Here’s how these factors influence alcohol’s impact:

• Cultural Norms: In some cultures, alcohol consumption is widely accepted and integrated into social events, leading to higher rates of drinking and increased risk of alcohol-related problems.
• Social Environments: Peer pressure and social expectations can influence individuals to drink more alcohol than they intend, increasing the risk of cognitive impairment and learning difficulties.
• Socioeconomic Status: Socioeconomic factors, such as poverty and lack of access to education, can contribute to alcohol abuse and its negative effects on cognitive function.

Understanding these cultural and social influences is essential for developing effective strategies to promote responsible alcohol consumption and mitigate its impact on learning.

16. Can Technology Help Monitor or Reduce Alcohol Consumption to Enhance Learning?

Yes, technology offers various tools and applications that can help monitor and reduce alcohol consumption, potentially enhancing learning. According to a study published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, mobile apps and wearable devices can assist individuals in tracking their alcohol intake and making informed choices.

Here are some examples:

• Mobile Apps: Apps like DrinkControl and AlcoTrack allow users to log their alcohol consumption, set goals, and receive personalized feedback.
• Wearable Devices: Devices like BACtrack Skyn can monitor blood alcohol levels through the skin, providing real-time data on alcohol intake.
• Online Resources: Websites like Rethinking Drinking offer educational materials, self-assessment tools, and strategies for reducing alcohol consumption.

By leveraging technology, individuals can gain greater awareness of their drinking habits and make positive changes to support cognitive function and learning.

17. What are the Ethical Considerations When Studying Alcohol’s Effects on Learning?

Studying alcohol’s effects on learning involves several ethical considerations, including protecting participants from harm and ensuring informed consent. The American Psychological Association (APA) provides ethical guidelines for conducting research with human participants.

Key ethical considerations include:

• Informed Consent: Participants must be fully informed about the risks and benefits of participating in the study and provide their voluntary consent.
• Protection from Harm: Researchers must take steps to minimize any potential harm to participants, including physical, psychological, and social risks.
• Confidentiality: Participants’ data must be kept confidential and protected from unauthorized access.
• Debriefing: After the study, participants should be debriefed about the purpose of the research and any deception that was used.

Adhering to these ethical guidelines is essential for conducting responsible and ethical research on alcohol’s effects on learning.

18. How Can Educational Institutions Address Alcohol-Related Impairments to Learning?

Educational institutions can play a crucial role in addressing alcohol-related impairments to learning by implementing comprehensive prevention and intervention programs. The U.S. Department of Education offers resources and guidance for schools to address alcohol and drug use among students.

Here are some strategies:

• Prevention Education: Providing educational programs to raise awareness about the risks of alcohol abuse and promote responsible drinking behaviors.
• Early Intervention: Implementing early intervention programs to identify and support students who are struggling with alcohol-related problems.
• Counseling Services: Offering counseling and support services to students who need help managing their alcohol consumption or addressing underlying mental health issues.
• Policy Enforcement: Enforcing policies that prohibit alcohol use on campus and promote a safe and healthy learning environment.

By taking these steps, educational institutions can help reduce alcohol-related impairments to learning and support students’ academic success.

19. What Future Research is Needed to Better Understand Alcohol’s Effects on Learning?

Future research is needed to better understand the complex mechanisms by which alcohol affects learning and to develop more effective prevention and intervention strategies. Researchers at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) are conducting ongoing studies to address these questions.

Areas for future research include:

• Longitudinal Studies: Conducting longitudinal studies to examine the long-term effects of alcohol on cognitive function and learning.
• Neuroimaging Studies: Using neuroimaging techniques to investigate the brain mechanisms underlying alcohol-related cognitive impairments.
• Intervention Studies: Developing and testing new interventions to prevent and treat alcohol abuse among students and other populations.
• Personalized Approaches: Exploring personalized approaches to alcohol prevention and treatment, taking into account individual differences in genetics, environment, and behavior.

By pursuing these avenues of research, scientists can gain a more comprehensive understanding of alcohol’s effects on learning and develop more effective strategies to promote cognitive health.

20. What Are Some Effective Alternatives to Alcohol for Enhancing Social Experiences and Creativity?

There are numerous effective alternatives to alcohol for enhancing social experiences and creativity without the negative effects on learning and cognitive function. Experts at Psychology Today suggest that engaging in creative activities and mindfulness practices can promote relaxation and social connection.

Here are some alternatives:

• Creative Activities: Engaging in activities like painting, music, writing, or dance can boost creativity and provide a sense of accomplishment.
• Mindfulness Practices: Practicing mindfulness meditation or yoga can reduce stress and promote relaxation, enhancing social interactions.
• Social Activities: Participating in social activities like sports, games, or volunteering can foster connection and build relationships without relying on alcohol.
• Non-Alcoholic Beverages: Exploring non-alcoholic beverages like mocktails, herbal teas, or sparkling water can provide a refreshing alternative to alcoholic drinks.

By embracing these alternatives, individuals can enjoy social experiences and enhance their creativity while supporting cognitive health and learning.

21. How Can You Create a Learning Environment That Is Free From Alcohol-Related Distractions?

Creating a learning environment free from alcohol-related distractions involves setting clear boundaries, managing social influences, and establishing supportive routines. Experts at the Academic Life Coaching suggest that organizing a dedicated study space and communicating your learning goals can help minimize distractions.

Here are some strategies:

• Set Clear Boundaries: Communicate your commitment to learning to friends and family, setting clear expectations about alcohol-free study times.
• Manage Social Influences: Choose study locations and social activities that don’t revolve around alcohol, reducing the temptation to drink.
• Establish Supportive Routines: Develop a consistent study schedule, incorporating regular breaks and rewards that don’t involve alcohol.
• Create a Dedicated Study Space: Designate a specific area for studying that is free from distractions and associated with focused learning.

By implementing these strategies, you can create a learning environment that is conducive to academic success, free from the negative effects of alcohol.

22. What Role Does Responsible Consumption Play in Balancing Social Life and Academic Performance?

Responsible alcohol consumption plays a critical role in balancing social life and academic performance. Understanding the limits of alcohol intake and making informed choices can help maintain cognitive function and support learning. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans provide recommendations for responsible alcohol consumption.

Here’s how responsible consumption can help:

• Cognitive Function: Limiting alcohol intake can help preserve cognitive function, including memory, attention, and executive functions, which are essential for academic success.
• Sleep Quality: Responsible drinking habits can improve sleep quality, allowing the brain to consolidate memories and prepare for learning.
• Social Balance: Making conscious choices about alcohol consumption can help maintain healthy social relationships without compromising academic performance.
• Overall Well-being: Responsible consumption supports overall well-being, reducing the risk of alcohol-related health problems and promoting a balanced lifestyle.

By practicing responsible alcohol consumption, individuals can enjoy social experiences while prioritizing academic performance and long-term cognitive health.

23. Can the Effects of Alcohol on Learning be Reversed?

The reversibility of alcohol’s effects on learning depends on the extent and duration of alcohol abuse. While some cognitive impairments may be reversible with abstinence and rehabilitation, chronic alcohol abuse can cause long-lasting or permanent brain damage. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) provides information on the potential for recovery from alcohol-related brain damage.

Factors influencing reversibility include:

• Duration of Abuse: Shorter periods of alcohol abuse are more likely to result in reversible cognitive impairments compared to chronic, long-term abuse.
• Severity of Damage: The severity of alcohol-related brain damage can affect the extent of recovery. Mild to moderate damage may be reversible, while severe damage may be permanent.
• Rehabilitation and Abstinence: Abstaining from alcohol and participating in rehabilitation programs can promote brain recovery and improve cognitive function.

Although some of the cognitive impairments caused by alcohol can be reversed with appropriate interventions, prevention remains the most effective strategy for protecting the brain and optimizing learning.

24. How Can Individuals Advocate for Policies That Support Healthy Choices Around Alcohol and Learning?

Individuals can advocate for policies that support healthy choices around alcohol and learning by engaging in community activism, supporting evidence-based policies, and promoting education. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides resources for advocating for policies that support public health.

Here are some strategies:

• Community Activism: Participating in community organizations and advocacy groups that promote responsible alcohol consumption and support healthy lifestyles.
• Evidence-Based Policies: Supporting policies that are based on scientific evidence, such as alcohol taxes, restrictions on alcohol advertising, and minimum legal drinking ages.
• Education: Promoting education about the risks of alcohol abuse and the importance of responsible drinking behaviors.
• Political Engagement: Contacting elected officials to express support for policies that promote healthy choices around alcohol and learning.

By taking these steps, individuals can play a role in creating a society that supports cognitive health and learning.

25. What Are the Best Practices for Learning and Studying When Alcohol is Present in Social Settings?

When alcohol is present in social settings, the best practices for learning and studying involve minimizing alcohol consumption, setting priorities, and employing effective study techniques. Experts at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill offer tips for studying in social environments.

Here are some strategies:

• Minimize Alcohol Consumption: Limit alcohol intake to preserve cognitive function and avoid memory problems.
• Set Priorities: Focus on completing essential learning tasks before engaging in social activities.
• Effective Study Techniques: Use techniques like spaced repetition, active recall, and concept mapping to enhance learning and retention.
• Take Breaks: Incorporate regular breaks to rest and recharge, avoiding prolonged exposure to alcohol and distractions.

By following these practices, individuals can balance social life with academic responsibilities, ensuring that learning remains a priority.

FAQ Section

1. Can I study effectively after having a couple of drinks?

No, even a small amount of alcohol can impair cognitive functions necessary for effective studying.

2. Does drinking coffee help counteract the effects of alcohol on learning?

Coffee may make you feel more alert, but it doesn’t reverse the cognitive impairments caused by alcohol.

3. Is it possible to improve memory while drunk?

Alcohol impairs memory formation, making it difficult to learn or remember new information.

4. How long does it take for alcohol to leave the system and for cognitive function to return?

It depends on various factors, but it typically takes several hours for alcohol to leave the system and for cognitive function to return to normal.

5. Are there any long-term cognitive benefits to occasional alcohol consumption?

No, there are no proven long-term cognitive benefits to occasional alcohol consumption.

6. Can alcohol cause permanent damage to the brain if consumed regularly?

Yes, chronic alcohol abuse can cause permanent brain damage and cognitive impairments.

7. What is the best way to support a friend who is struggling with alcohol and learning?

Offer support, encourage them to seek professional help, and promote healthy lifestyle choices.

8. Are there any specific types of learning that are more affected by alcohol?

Alcohol affects all types of learning, but it particularly impairs memory formation and executive functions.

9. How does alcohol affect the brain’s ability to focus?

Alcohol impairs attention and concentration, making it difficult to focus on learning tasks.

10. Can alcohol impact test performance even if consumed the night before?

Yes, alcohol can disrupt sleep and cognitive function, affecting test performance even if consumed the night before.

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